![]() Scribus is a robust, well-featured DTP program, ideal for shorter documents. The program can import PDFs too, though it can’t edit their contents directly. A simple one-click button calls up the export dialogue and you can even choose PDF/X3, the ISO standard for the format: Scribus was justifiably proud of being the first application to support this. One of the delights of the program is the ease with which you can produce PostScript and PDF. It’s still up to you to select the cells you want, before making content or layout changes. Scribus offers table creation, but only in the sense of creating a series of grouped frames. Scribus doesn’t use modeless editing in the MS Publisher sense, as you still have to create frames for text and graphics before pasting their contents, but a text frame can be double-clicked to activate the text cursor within it. Text can be entered directly on the page, but there’s also a separate text editor, so you can make quick and dirty changes to imported copy, while putting together Scribus pages. Scribus has good rotation capabilities on all objects and with rotated text, you can use the up and down cursor keys to move it clockwise and anti-clockwise, a degree at a time. You can also flow text inside a shaped frame and link frames to flow text through multi-page documents. There’s comprehensive node editing and you can attach text to a path for visual effects. The drawing tools are unusually versatile for a DTP, with predefined shapes, a regular polygon tool, and bezier curves. There are several unusual extras in the program, which help speed page layout. ![]() ĝirectly create PostScript and PDF files from documents and perform pre-flight checks to make sure there are no formatting nasties to mess up your trip to the printer.Ĝreate and edit frames, make them visible or hidden, rotate, scale them and add rounded corners.Manipulate objects within document-wide layers.Handle CMYK and spot colours and include ICC profiles.Ĝreate single or multi-page documents with text, photos and vector graphics, imported from a good range of mainstream applications.The best source of guidance to the program is the Scribus Wiki at. Advice like ‘I need not explain the benefits of saving plain, unformatted text… save plain text, you will be happy about this some day’ Yes, particularly if your DTP imports a limited number of word processor formats. There’s little on the Scribus web site or in the the documentation to highlight the features of the program, and much of the text is like being lectured to by JR Hartley. By pulling up just the panels you need for the layout elements you’re working on, you get quick access to your document all the time. In fact, the design of the UI lends itself well to DTP, as the clutter of many commercial programs is removed, leaving more of the current page on view. So why not switch one on by default, so we know they’re there? In fact, there are all kinds of property and other floating panels of controls, that are switched on from the Windows menu. Coming to Scribus for the first time, you’d be forgiven for thinking it has no attribute control at all, other than its menus. On this page, there’s no toolbox down the left-hand side like InDesign, no palette bar down the right like CorelDraw and no formatting toolbar at the top, like Publisher. Both installations are painless and Scribus runs up to a rather atypical blank page display. On Windows you’re advised to install GhostScript, the open source PostScript and PDF rendering engine, first. ![]() It has just moved to version 1.3.4 but since this developers’ release is only currently available as source code, our review is based on version 1.3.3.9. The program is a free download and is cross-platform, with versions available for Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS X, OS/2 and Linux. Scribus is an open-source DTP application, started in 2001 and written by people who are clearly opinionated on subjects like typography and page design. There is a third contender, though, from a rather unusual source. This stems from a long-running reluctance to provide review copies and a long-running desire to produce an under-featured, over-priced heavyweight that still has trouble with tables. A few might add QuarkXpress to that, though Quark seems to have alienated virtually all journos over the years. To read most of the digital press, you’d think InDesign was the only big-league desktop publishing (DTP) application anyone took seriously.
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![]() You cannot use L4D2 level editor to create maps for Call of Duty: Black Ops or vice versa. In order to map for Call of Duty Black Ops, you need to download the SDK toolset with the level editor for Black Ops. Same goes for any other level editor (map editor). These mod tools will give you access to the level editor and everything you need to create custom map campaigns to add to the world of L4D2. So if you want to create new maps for Left4Dead2 you would need to download the L4D2 Authoring Tools. Then the level editor is configured for a specific game. Level editors usually come packaged with the game engine as part of the toolset for game designers. Level designers are able to create new mission types, new worlds, and new content for a game without modifying any code to the game engine itself. Level editor allows level designers to create the world that the player will navigate, interact with and play in. Level editor is software that is used to create levels/maps for a specific game engine and specific game. If you are familiar with level design, feel free to skip this section. What Level Editor and Game Engine Should You Use - (How to Choose)įirst, let me cover the basics of what a level editor is. Make sure to check out all the tutorials within this series listed below: Below you will find editors that I either I have used in the past, continue to use or recommend to use. From racing to 2D top down shooters to puzzles and third person action games.įollowing is a list of level editors you can download and begin using. Many of the level editors I list have been used for other game genres. But level editors are just tools to get your ideas into players hands. If you have been following World of Level Design, I primarily focus on level design and environment art for first-person shooter games. From original Half Life and Team Fortress to more current games such as Counter Strike: Global Offensive, Crysis 2, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare and Skyrim. There are a lot of level design editors (map editors) available. Update: This page is currently being updated with new info, new level editors and links. ![]() We moved to Detroit in 1955, the Westside, lived at Meyers and Davison, I went to McKenzie High School. Tramp The Early Years: Terry ‘Tramp’ Welker He tattooed for twenty years before coming here.” Jesse is in charge of Operations for Mixing. “ My son Jesse was born in 1971 and we work together at the ink warehouse. Then we have the UK, Germany, Netherlands, Russia, China. ![]() “ Our biggest selling states in America are Florida, California, NYC, Texas. We enjoy sponsoring a lot of artists with custom inks, like our New Rember Orellana Signature Series.” Eternal Ink ships all over the world! “ We have over 200 ink hues, plus we have Signature Sets from outstanding artists like Liz Cook, Jess Yen, Myke Chambers and Marshall Bennett, etc, all these guys came out of Eternal. The key to great tattooing is the right consistency of the pigment and matching colors.” I started Eternal Ink in the basement of one of my tattoo studios in 2001. Eternal Ink is one of the biggest tattoo ink manufacturers in the world. Tramp’s Eternal Tattoos: Amazing products from Eternal Ink, one of the industry’s top tattoo ink manufacturers! Solid business practice, strong work ethic, raw talent, expertise and dedication, make Tramp’s Eternal Tattoos stand out in an ever-shifting industry. Eternal appears to have an extremely hard-working staff who run an efficient operation which is truly global in scope. Eternal Tattoo Supply Warehouse (Brighton, Michigan).Įternal has a great reputation for high-quality work. They also have a branch in Austin, Texas. ![]() There are five Eternal Tattoo studios in Michigan (Livonia, Taylor, Clawson, Howell, and an Eastpointe shop owned by Marshall Bennett) along with a beautiful 30,000-square foot ink warehouse in Brighton packed to the rafters with cardboard boxes and shrink-wrapped pallets full of tattoo ink and machinery. Tramp’s Eternal Tattoos, Eternal Ink Inc., Welker Machines and Eternal Tattoo Supply empire is huge and diversified. You can’t ask for much more out of life than that. Tramp works 60+ hours per week operating his business and he’s a very successful DIY self-made entrepreneur doing what he loves to do. From personal experience over the years, I find that to be the mark of someone who is true to their word and means business. Terry ‘Tramp’ Welker inside his office at Eternal Ink warehouse (Brighton, Michigan). In honor of the 21st annual Motor City Tattoo Expo (March 4th-6th, 2016) next week at Detroit’s Renaissance Center, we sought out and were lucky enough to land an interview with Tramp. “ MTV changed tattoo culture … people saw tattoos on rock stars and wanted the same thing for themselves.”-Terry ‘Tramp’ Welker Motor City Tattoo Expo Marriott RenCen (Detroit)! ![]() ![]() The graphic in the game is pure perfection! (Look at the screens, agree and read on). Why? I thought you would never ask, let me tell you. Tyrian 2000 is one of the best space arcade games ever made. Tyrian's complete arsenal amound to over a dozen type of ships and over 100 weapon types! It features a multi-layered ship upgrade engine, in which you can change hulls, decide upon and upgrade your front and rear weapons, buy better shields and generators and even add ship "sidekicks". Tyrian also has two player arcade mode and supports network/modem/serial play. Through your struggles, you will find yourself again and again betrayed by friends and allies, your parents will be killed and you will have to return to points you've already been to (with variations on the levels) in order to remove further threats to the galaxy and to yourself, all for the ultimate goal of overthrowing MicroSol. Again and again, Trent must fight off MicroSol, a company with the evil intent of taking over the galaxy. You play the role of Trent Hawkings, this galaxy's ace solo fighter-pilot, whose luck forces him to save the galaxy, one time after another. It gained a following even larger than the classic Raptor: Call of the Shadows, and rightfully so: it has a plot. Tyrian is nothing like your run-of-the-mill shoot-'em-up. It also adds another option called "Timed Battle". It is essentially the same game with an additional new episode (Hazudra Fodder), a revised engine (less bugs and better controls) and added Windows support. Tyrian 2000 is a direct re-release of the original action smash, Tyrian. While Droppy is transformed into a different enemy, it is referred to by that enemy's name on its health bar when Kirby attacks it.The enemies that Droppy is able to transform into by stealing abilities are identical to those displayed as part of the respective abilities' Copy Essences.*When Droppy absorbs these abilities, it does not transform, but instead turns red and starts to frantically run around. On Robin Thicke’s 2009 Shakin’ it 4 Daddy, rapper Nicki Minaj drops a sloppy toppy: I be, I be, I be, I be, I be, I be on that money shit / Get da sloppy toppy roger copy I be running shit. Kirby encounters a Droppy in Olive Ocean.ĭepending on the Copy Ability they manage to acquire, Droppies are able to take the form of one the following creatures: Sloppy toppy is considered wet, saliva-filled ( sloppy) fellatio, with toppy a reference to penis. Each color pack comes with 6 bikini straps + Hide. Uploaded DecemShes Freaky: Sound Like Shawty Was Giving Him Crazy Sloppy Toppy On Instagram Live 285,026 500. TITS WITH TIGHT BIKINI Skye Shorts - Comes in 6 different base jean colors + 4 bonus fatpack colors. During fellatio, when the man is about to climax, he pushes the girl away, cums in his own hand and smacks the girl in the face with it. If it has not absorbed any, Droppy grants no ability. Uploaded FebruShe A Real Meat Eater: Chick Gets Caught Giving Her Man Crazy Sloppy Toppy After Ferris Wheel Ride Malfunctions 180,699 705. A sloppy jalopy is a sexual act for partners very comfortable with each other. Kirby can only regain it by inhaling and swallowing the Droppy that has taken it from him. Once it has successfully stolen a Copy Ability, Droppy transforms into a pink and slightly quicker version of the enemy that most commonly yields the ability it absorbed, assuming its behavior and pushing Kirby away a bit in the process.Īlthough Droppy has low health and can be defeated with any attack, doing so in any other way than by swallowing it after it has pilfered Kirby's Copy Ability results in the permanent loss of said ability. In addition, if Kirby gets near it while in possession of a Copy Ability, it begins to inhale in a similar manner as Kirby himself, attempting to rob him of his ability, similarly to Tac. ![]() If it manages to collide with Kirby, both he and the enemy lose health. Its face consist solely of two large black eyes and a small red mouth. It is a round, yellow creature with two pointed tips for feet and another at the top of its head, giving it a drop-like shape. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators. SET COUNT 2 - 4 (33.33) GAME COUNT 0 - 4 (0.0) FILTERS X. Droppy is a common enemy in Kirby & The Amazing Mirror. Droppy moves about in a swift and light manner, being able to run very fast and jump, as well as inflate itself and float around. Up-to-date placings and head to head stats for Super Smash Bros. ![]() ![]() This property affirms that it follows the cleaning and disinfection practices of CleanStay (Hilton). Contactless check-in and contactless check-out are available. Disinfectant is used to clean the property commonly-touched surfaces are cleaned with disinfectant between stays bed sheets and towels are laundered at a temperature of at least 60☌/140☏. This property advises that enhanced cleaning and guest safety measures are currently in place. For guests' safety, the property includes a fire extinguisher, a smoke detector, a security system, and a first aid kit in each accommodation. This property accepts Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover, Diners Club, debit cards, and cash. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business, or profession. This property is managed by a professional host. Special requests can't be guaranteed and may incur additional charges. Special requests are subject to availability at the time of check-in. Funds may be released up to 5 days following check-out.Ĭharges for extra guests may apply and vary according to property policy.Ī cash deposit, credit card, or debit card for incidental charges and government-issued photo identification may be required upon check-in. This hotel will place an authorization for USD 100 per night at check-in for incidentals. Please note that cultural norms and guest policies may differ by country and by property the policies listed are provided by the property Safety features at this property include a fire extinguisher, a smoke detector, a security system, and a first aid kitīe prepared: check the latest COVID-19 travel requirements and measures in place for this destination before you travel. Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges special requests cannot be guaranteed Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card, or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Housekeeping is offered daily and hypo-allergenic bedding can be requested.Įxtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Additionally, rooms include coffee/tea makers and blackout drapes/curtains. Business-friendly amenities include phones along with free local calls (restrictions may apply). This Miami Beach hotel provides complimentary wired and wireless Internet access. Bathrooms include showers with rainfall showerheads, bathrobes, designer toiletries, and complimentary toiletries. Gale South Beach, Curio Collection by Hilton offers 87 accommodations with iPod docking stations and safes. This 4.5-star Miami Beach hotel is smoke free. ![]() A nightclub, a rooftop terrace, and tour/ticket assistance are also featured at the luxury Gale South Beach, Curio Collection by Hilton. ![]() Public spaces have free WiFi and wired Internet. You can enjoy a drink at one of the bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. Along with a restaurant, there's a coffee shop/cafe on site. Gale South Beach, Curio Collection by Hilton offers its guests an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and complimentary bicycles. ![]() Without this and other standardized disclosures, financial institutions could manipulate their yield calculations. The measure tells investors what the fund would yield in a year if it continued on its current earnings path. Currency in USD Follow 2W 10W 9M 36.02 -1.88 (-4.96) At close: 08:01PM EST Overall Portfolio Composition. Repix è un editor grafico per Android e iOS finalizzato alla trasformazione delle foto scattate con il proprio tablet o smartphone. FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROVDING FUNDS FOR CERTAIN GAMING COUNTIES INFRASTRUCTURE. The 30-day annualized yield gives investors a way to compare their interest-bearing accounts or mutual fund returns. ProFunds Real Estate UltraSector ProFund Investor (REPIX) Nasdaq - Nasdaq Delayed Price. repix odt hy gerente 1997 Regular Session 1/24/7. It also provides strict guidelines for calculating the interest income, accounting for the discounts or premiums on certain securities, tallying expenses, and undeclared earned income that affect the calculations. ![]() ![]() It is important to note that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) strictly defines the 30-day annualized yield formula and use. If the fund earned $10,000 of dividends and interest during the period, recorded $5,000 of expenses during the period, owned 100,000 shares that were entitled to receive dividends, and the maximum offering price on the 30th day of the period was $45, then by using the formula above, we can calculate that the XYZ fund's 30-day annualized yield was: Let's assume the Company XYZ mutual fund needs to calculate its 30-day annualized yield. It is found by dividing the net investment income per share earned during a 30-day period by the maximum offering price per share on the last day of that period, according to the following formula:ģ0-Day Annualized Yield = 2Ī = dividends and interest earned during the period.ī = expenses accrued for the period (net of reimbursements).Ĭ = the average daily number of shares outstanding during the period that were entitled to receive dividends.ĭ = the maximum offering price per share on the last day of the period. Funds ProFunds Real Estate UltraSector Fund Investor Class + Add to watchlist REPIX Actions Price (USD) 39.30 Todays Change 0.69 / 1. Stay up to date on the latest stock price, chart, news, analysis. leveraged and inverse exchange traded funds (ETFs) in 2006, ProFunds and its affiliates are global leaders in leveraged and inverse fund investing. A high-level overview of ProFunds Real Estate UltraSector Fund Inv (REPIX) stock. The 30-day annualized yield is a measure of return usually used for mutual funds. Together with ProShares, which launched the first U.S. It assumes reinvestment of dividends and capital gains, and does not reflect sales loads, redemption fees or the effects of taxes on any capital gains and/or distributions. How to Calculate a 30-Day Annualized Yield 300064 repix This graph represents the growth of a hypothetical investment of 10,000. ![]() The line is always weak, filiform, and terminates with a scarcely noticeable pin-head. “The comparative research of thousands of handwriting samples shows that all weak-willed people cross their ‘t’s feebly. “I began by classifying my collection of autographs of strong-willed authors and weak-willed authors,” Michon wrote of his rigorous scientific method. In these books, Michon drilled into readers the importance of practicing graphology scientifically, which meant conducting painstakingly detailed research. A third text, Histoire de Napoléon ler d’après son écriture (The Story of Napoleon through the Lens of His Writing), was devoted to analyzing Napoleon’s handwriting. Michon published two further books elucidating his system, La méthode pratique de graphologie (Practical Methods of Graphology) and Système de graphologie (The System of Graphology). Michon evangelized for his cause: “Graphology has proved itself to be a new tool for the moral world… one that has appeared through divine intervention at the height of material advances brought about by the discovery of the steam engine and electricity.” ![]() He followed that with a lecture announcing his new science, traveling across Europe to explain and demonstrate graphology. Michon offered free handwriting analysis to the journal’s early subscribers. ![]() He founded a journal, La Graphologie: Journal de l’autographes (Graphology: Journal of Autographs), which, in its inaugural issue on November 18, 1871, used the term “graphology” for the first time. The idea of graphology as a formal enterprise and theory arose later in the nineteenth century, when a French clergyman, Abbé Jean-Hippolyte Michon, added empirical science into the mix. Poe claimed that William Cullen Bryant, whose writing Poe did not like, had handwriting that looked like “one of the most commonplace clerk’s hands which we ever encountered, and has no character about it beyond that of the day-book and ledger.” A now-obscure female author showed “a strong disposition to fly off at a tangent.” Edgar Allan Poe wrote a series for Graham’s magazine that analyzed the handwriting of famous literary figures. The idea that handwriting offers a window into the inner self first arose in the West during the Romantic era (late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century), when spontaneity, originality, and individuality were prized. In the courts, the validity of handwriting as evidence-authenticating the writer of a manuscript, for instance-has always been dubious, and many of the techniques used today are the same as those employed in Renaissance England. It was invented in the eighteenth century, gained traction in the 19th when psychology was born, and took off in the early twentieth century, along with notions of the individual self, which coincided with fears about the individual in an age of modernization and mass culture. Handwriting analysis-also known as graphology-has been deemed a pseudo-science by most. Jack Lew’s handwriting shows, while strange, that he is very secretive-not necessarily a bad thing.Īccording to other handwriting analysts, Trump’s signature can provide insights into the president’s character, but they disagree on what those insights are: either he “lacks empathy and craves power, prestige and admiration” ( Michelle Desbold in Politico) or he has “acute analytical and lightning speed quick thinking” ( Kathi McNight for CNN). In a tweet sent after the appointment of Jack Lew, the former Treasury Secretary, Trump wrote: “Lew’s handwriting shows, while strange, that he is very secretive-not necessarily a bad thing.” Donald Trump is a handwriting analyst-or so he claims. When you follow this tutorial, Pritunl will install a Let's Encrypt SSL certificate, which requires a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) to assign the SSL Certificate. Vultr's One-Click Pritunl server is the easiest way to set up a VPN server using OpenVPN protocol. Again, the user should be prompted for a password/PIN if required.Pritunl is an easy-to-use, open-source VPN server with an intuitive web management interface. Select from any of the found devices, or enter the name of the serialized id to use manually. If Prompt for certificate name was selected, Viscosity will automatically detect the required key on the Nitrokey, using the specified PKCS#11 module/s. Users), then select Prompt for certificate name. If in doubt, or if more than one Nitrokey may be used (i.e. multiple If the Nitrokey is currentlyĬonnected to the computer, click the Detect button for Viscosity If only one Nitrokey will ever be used on this computer, select There may be more than one library available here, you can try each one or simply add both.Ĭhoose a retrieval method from the Retrieval drop down menu OpenSC libraries are generally located at C:\Program Files\OpenSC Project\OpenSC\pkcs11. On Windows, the most common location for libraries is either in C:\Program Files or C:\Windows\System32. OpenSC’s module can be found at /Library/OpenSC/lib/opensc-pkcs11.so Please refer to the documentation included with your driver software for the location to use. On macOS, the most common location for modules to be found is in the Specified, and for instance we will use OpenSC. Optional: Select the ta.key in the TLS-Auth sectionĬlick the Add button next to the Providers field and select the Under authentication, In Type scroll down to Right click on the connection and click editĪdd your server’s IP address and configure the port according to your Start Viscosity and create a new connection “openVPN” (you can name ![]() ta.keyįor more information on PKCS#11 key management with OpenVPN, please consult OpenVPN’s documentation. Optional: The shared secret key file, i.e. To read about how to configure OpenVPN to authenticate with Nitrokey Pro, you might consult the following documentation, as we will just cover the way to configure the Viscosity client in this guide.Ĭlient’s private key client.key loaded on the NitrokeyĬlient’s certificate client.crt loaded on the Nitrokey For the purpose of this document, we have used OpenVPN 2.49 installed on a Debian 10 server. Prerequisites #įor this guide, you will need an OpenVPN remote server installed and configured for clients. This guide will show to configure Viscosity client to connect to an OpenVPN instance, using a Nitrokey ProĢ), and PKCS#11 authentication. S/MIME Email Encryption with Thunderbird.Login to Windows Domain Computers With MS Active Directory.Two-factor Authentication with One-Time Passwords (OTP). ![]() Viscosity Client Configuration with OpenVPN.OpenPGP Email Encryption With Thunderbird.Windows Login and S/MIME Email Encryption with Active Directory.Login With EIDAuthenticate on Stand Alone Windows Computers.Two-Factor Authentication For ERP Software Odoo. ![]()
Soon after, the use of the term "mafia" began appearing in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon. The play had great success throughout Italy. The play is about a Palermo prison gang with traits similar to the Mafia: a boss, an initiation ritual, and talk of "umirtà" ( omertà or code of silence) and " pizzu" (a codeword for extortion money). The words mafia and mafiusi are never mentioned in the play. The public's association of the word with the criminal secret society was perhaps inspired by the 1863 play I mafiusi di la Vicaria ("The Mafiosi of the Vicaria") by Giuseppe Rizzotto and Gaspare Mosca. Most Arab smallholders became serfs on new estates, with some escaping to "the Mafia." It became a secret refuge. After the Normans destroyed the Saracen rule in Sicily in the eleventh century, Sicily became feudalistic. The word "shade" meaning refuge or derived from refuge. mafyaʾ ( مفيء), meaning "place of shade".The word mafia was then used to refer to the defenders of Palermo during the Sicilian Vespers against rule of the Capetian House of Anjou on 30 March 1282. The local peasants imitated these Arabs and as a result the tribe's name entered the popular lexicon. maʿāfir ( معافر) = the name of an Arab tribe that ruled Palermo.marfūḍ ( مرفوض) = rejected, considered to be the most plausible derivation marfūḍ developed into marpiuni (swindler) to marpiusu and finally mafiusu.mahyāṣ ( مهياص) = aggressive boasting, bragging.màha = quarry, cave especially the mafie, the caves in the region of Marsala, which acted as hiding places for persecuted Muslims and later served other types of refugees, in particular Giuseppe Garibaldi's " Redshirts" after their embarkment on Sicily in 1860 in the struggle for Italian unification.And people who pay it are "exempted" from prosecution. In Islamic law, jizya, is the yearly tax imposed on non-Muslims residing in Muslim lands. Possible Arabic roots of the word include: ![]() In reference to a woman, however, the feminine-form adjective mafiusa means 'beautiful' or 'attractive'.īecause Sicily was once an Islamic emirate from 831 to 1072, mafia may have come to Sicilian through Arabic, though the word's origins are uncertain. In reference to a man, mafiusu ( mafioso in Italian) in 19th century Sicily signified "fearless", "enterprising", and "proud", according to scholar Diego Gambetta. ![]() The word mafia ( English: / ˈ m ɑː f i ə/ Italian: ) derives from the Sicilian adjective mafiusu, which, roughly translated, means "swagger", but can also be translated as "boldness" or " bravado". When used alone and without any qualifier, "Mafia" or "the Mafia" typically refers to either the Sicilian Mafia or the Italian-American Mafia and sometimes Italian organized crime in general (e.g., Camorra, 'Ndrangheta, etc.). the Sicilian Mafia and the related Italian-American Mafia refer to their organizations as "Cosa Nostra" the "Japanese Mafia" calls itself "Ninkyō dantai" but is more commonly known as " Yakuza" by the public and "Russian Mafia" groups often call themselves " Bratva"). The term was coined by the press and is informal the criminal organizations themselves have their own names (e.g. However, the term has since expanded to encompass other organizations of similar methods and purpose, e.g., "the Russian Mafia" or "the Japanese Mafia". The term "mafia" was originally applied to the Sicilian Mafia, and, later, the Italian Mafia, or Italian organized crime in general. The 'Ndrangheta, originating in the Southern Italian region of Calabria, is widely considered the richest and most powerful mafia in the world. Mafias often engage in secondary activities such as gambling, loan sharking, drug-trafficking, prostitution, and fraud. The central activity of such an organization would be the arbitration of disputes between criminals as well as the organization and enforcement of illicit agreements between criminals through the use of or threat of violence. "Mafia" is an informal term that is used to describe criminal organizations that bear a strong similarity to the original "Mafia": the Italian Mafia. For other uses, see Mafia (disambiguation). |